The Lord’s Resistance
Army (LRA)
The LRA began as a group of ethnic Acholi supporters of former
head of state Tito Okello, who was forced out of office by Museveni
(BBC: "Timeline: Uganda"). In 1987, a young Acholi woman
named Alice Lakwena organized Okello’s supporters into the Holy
Spirit Mobile Force and led them against Museveni’s National Resistance
Army, which later became the Ugandan People’s Defense Force (UPDF).
Lakwena, who considered herself a prophet and claimed to be possessed
by the Holy Spirit, assured her soldiers that, after she anointed
them with shea butter oil, bullets would "bounce harmlessly
off their chests" (HRW: "Scars of Death"). The
miracle failed: armed with rifles and stones, Lakwena’s followers
were easily killed by the UPDF, and Lakwena fled to Kenya.
Claiming to be Lakwena’s "spiritual heir," her nephew,
Joseph Kony, gathered the remnants of her army to form the Lord’s
Resistance Army. In 1991 they started a campaign of "large-scale
attacks on civilian targets, including schools and clinics. Abductions,
especially of children," increased (HRW: "Scars of Death").
In 1995, Sudanese government support dramatically strengthened
LRA offensives. Although this aid was withdrawn in 1999 and Sudan
now officially supports the Ugandan offensive against the rebels,
the past few months have seen a renewed LRA campaign of violence.
In June 2002, Kony commissioned about 400 LRA members to enter
northern Uganda. The contingent of fighters broke into smaller
groups and proceeded to attack, loot, and terrorize villages (IRIN:
"Uganda: Army" 14 June 2002).
As a result of LRA abductions, killings, and attacks on villages,
up to 400,000 internally displaced persons now live in Uganda.
Approximately 12,000 children have been abducted since 1986; some
have been rescued or returned, but more than 5,500 are still unaccounted
for (IRIN: "Uganda: Army").
Government of Uganda: Ugandan People’s
Defense Force (UPDF)
In April 2002, President Museveni committed 10,000 troops to
"Operation Iron Fist," a sustained offensive in southern
Sudan. As of late July, the campaign has had limited success
in preventing or defeating LRA attacks. While the UPDF claims
to have captured or killed over 300 rebels, LRA forces have
continued to abduct and kill civilians (BBC: "Uganda: Army"
21 Jul 2002). Museveni recently yielded to pressure from Ugandan
religious groups and gave permission for "a group of bishops
representing the main Christian communities in Uganda to hold
peace talks with the LRA"; however, neither the UPDF nor
the LRA has stopped their offensives (BBC: "Ugandan Army"
15 Jul 2002).
Another issue facing the UPDF is their response to the use of
child soldiers by the LRA. These children are abducted, forcibly
indoctrinated, and sent into battle in the front lines of LRA
attacks. The Ugandan government recently signed the UN Treaty
forbidding the recruitment of soldiers under the age of 18 in
armed conflicts; however, this treaty has not altered LRA practices
(Asia Intelligence Wire: "Uganda ratifies" 12 Mar
2002).
Government of Sudan (GOS)
The government of Sudan supported the LRA from 1995-1999 for
several reasons: Uganda cut diplomatic ties to Sudan in 1995;
the LRA was fighting the rebel Sudan People’s Liberation Army
(SPLA); and the Sudanese government accused the Ugandan government
of aiding the SPLA (Daily Trust: "Khartoum" 3 Jul
2002). In retaliation, the Sudanese Government continued to
tolerate the LRA’s home base in southern Sudan and began providing
the LRA with land mines and machine guns (HRW: "Scars of
Death"). However, the governments of Uganda and Sudan restored
diplomatic relations in 2000 and the Sudanese Government has
recently reversed its policies concerning the LRA. In March
2002 it cooperated with the UPDF’s "Operation Iron Fist"
and permitted the UPDF to enter Sudan in search of the LRA.
As of 1 July 2002, President Omar Hassan al-Bashir announced
that Sudanese forces would actively cooperate with the UPDF
in a joint military operation against the LRA (Daily Trust:
"Khartoum").
Acholi People
Comprising 4 percent of the Ugandan population, the Acholi are
both perpetrators and victims of LRA attacks. Most of Lakwena’s
original followers were both Acholi and supporters of Acholi
army officer Okello, and this ethnic group continues to dominate
the LRA. However, as the dominant ethnic group in the volatile
northern provinces of Gulu and Kitgum, the Acholi are also the
majority of the victims of LRA attacks (BBC: "Timeline:
Uganda"). The Acholi comprise this majority due to their
geographic proximity to the LRA’s base in southern Sudan, not
due to a targeted LRA campaign against their ethnic group. According
to Human Rights Watch, over 200,000 Acholi have been displaced
by LRA violence and instability ("Scars of Death").
Recent LRA attacks have focused on refugee camps and "protected
villages," which were created in 1997 "to provide
protection to the local population" against LRA attacks
(MISNA: "LRA Rebels" 1 Jul 2002). However, in the
face of the UPDF’s failure to protect these supposed havens,
even more Acholi are losing their homes, their property, and
their lives.
Nature of the Violence
Despite Kony’s professed goal of overthrowing the Ugandan
government, the LRA’s tactics have engendered a systematic campaign
of terror more than a politically motivated rebellion. Rape,
looting, and destruction characterize most LRA attacks, along
with civilian murders and child abductions. The UPDF’s inability
to effectively counter these guerilla tactics has hindered their
"Operation Iron Fist" offensive (IRIN: "Five
Refugees" 10 Jul 2002).
Killing
In addition to killing some of the children they abduct, LRA
forces frequently kill adult civilians as part of their raids
on northern Uganda towns and refugee camps. Road ambushes have
led to the deaths of 26 people. The main purpose behind these
killings seems to be sustaining a "climate of crisis"
and instability in the region (IRIN: "Army says" 5
Jul 2002). The random character of the killings is indicated
by the fact that most of the victims are Acholi, which is also
the ethnicity of Kony and most of the LRA. As of 2 July 2002,
approximately 66 people, including UPDF soldiers, have been
killed by the LRA’s new offensive (Ojwee 2 Jul 2002).
Abduction, Torture, Rape, and Killing
of Children
The abduction of children to fill its ranks has always been
a main goal of the LRA. UNICEF estimates that 12,000 children
have been abducted by the LRA over the past 15 years. Many LRA
raids on schools and villages are carried out for the purpose
of kidnapping more children, preferably "children of fourteen
to sixteen … [although] at times [the LRA abducts] children
as young as eight or nine, boys and girls alike." After
kidnapping the children, the LRA forces them to kill fellow
weak, wounded, or resistant children as a rite of initiation.
These mass killings are brutal, usually committed "with
clubs or machetes. Any child who refuses to participate in the
killing may also be beaten or killed" (HRW: "Scars
of Death").
Once indoctrinated, the children are incorporated into the LRA
forces and compelled to participate in raids against Ugandan
villages and UDPF troops. According to Human Rights Watch, "When
the rebels fight against the Ugandan government army, they force
the captive children to the front; children who hang back or
refuse to fire are beaten or killed by the rebels, while those
who run forward may be mown down by government bullets"
("Scars of Death"). According to the Ugandan-government-owned
newspaper, The New Vision, the LRA has abducted at least 100
people in the offensive that began in ("6 abducted"
12 Jul 2002).
In addition, abducted women and girls as young as 12 are presented
as wives to LRA officers. They are beaten or killed if they
refuse to comply with the soldiers (HRW: "Scars of Death").
Attacks on Villages and "Protected
Camps"
Attacks on villages have caused thousands of civilian homes
to be destroyed and have contributed to the large numbers of
internally displaced persons (IDPs) in northern Uganda. Attacks
in the most recent LRA offensive have concentrated on some "protected
villages" and refugee camps that the UDPF claims it can
no longer defend. Most of the attacks are concentrated in the
northern districts of Gulu, Pader, and Kitgum, where 490,000
IDPs live. Attacks on IDP camps like Alero (in Gulu), refugee
camps like the Maaji Settlement (in the Adjumani district),
and "protected villages" like Purongo (in Gulu) "have
severe humanitarian implications" (IRIN: "LRA attacks"
8 Jul 2002). Not only are hundreds of people losing their homes
in attacks, but road safety, food security, and the ability
to provide humanitarian aid to the refugees in the area are
an increasing concern for aid agencies like the UN’s World Food
Program.
Recent Attacks
The LRA has attacked villages and kidnapped and killed people
with varying levels of intensity for the past fifteen years.
The following are statistics of the most recent LRA attacks.
Date: 25 February 2002
Location: Gulu district, northern
Uganda
Victims: 2 civilians, one soldier
killed
Two civilians and a soldier were killed when LRA fighters attacked
UPDF forces stationed in northern Uganda. One hundred rebels
crossed the Sudanese border and attacked a military unit in
Lamwo. The rebels also looted stores and then fled back into
Sudan (Agence France Presse: "Three killed" 25 Feb
2002).
Date: 4 March 2002
Location: Gulu district, northern
Uganda
Victims: 3 people killed
LRA rebels killed three people at a funeral service in Gulu
district. The rebels were believed to be part of an LRA splinter
group and had been roaming the area targeting civilians (Agence
France Presse: "Rebels kill" 4 Mar 2002).
Date: 28 April 2002
Location: Southern Sudan
Victims: 60 Sudanese civilians
killed
LRA rebels attacked a funeral gathering in southern Sudan,
forcing the mourners to eat the person they were about to bury
before 60 of the mourners were shot dead. The rebels reportedly
killed the civilians after they failed to garner support from
the local population (Agence France Presse: "Ugandan Rebels"
28 Apr 2002).
Date: 13 May 2002
Location: Southern Sudan
Victims: 500 Sudanese civilians
The Lord’s Resistance Army reportedly massacred nearly 500
Sudanese civilians in southern Sudan over three weeks. The killings
happened in the Imotong Mountains, where the LRA was attacking
villages. A Ugandan army spokesperson said the killings began
in mid-April, when a Ugandan military offensive into southern
Sudan pushed the rebels into the mountains. The Sudanese Catholic
Church described the killings in the town of Katire, where they
say villagers were hacked to death with pangas and machetes
(Panafrican News Agency: "Ugandan rebels" 13 May 2002).
Date: 22 June 2002
Location: Burcoro and Agweng,
northern Uganda
Victims: 4 people killed
Rebels ambushed two vehicles in northern Uganda in two separate
incidents, killing four people in the two attacks (BBC: "Rebels
kill" 22 Jun 2002).
Date: 23 June 2002
Location: Lacechot village,
Pader district, northern Uganda
Victims: 45 people abducted
LRA rebels attacked Lacechot village in the Pader district
of northern Uganda, abducting 45 people who were forced to carry
away the rebels’ loot. Thirty shops and fifteen kiosks were
burned down (Panafrican News Agency: "Ugandan rebels"
23 Jun 2002).
Date: 24 June 2002
Location: Kitgum, northern Uganda
Victims: 4 people killed
LRA rebels attacked Hill Top, a suburb of the town of Kitgum
in northern Uganda, and killed four people before being repelled
by UPDF troops in the area (BBC: "Uganda: LRA" 26
Jun 2002).
Date: 25 June 2002
Location: Apac district, northern
Uganda
Victims: 14 people abducted
A vehicle was set ablaze and 14 people were abducted at Icerne
trading center in northern Uganda. This attack followed a previous
raid on a primary school in the town of Lalogi, in which several
students were abducted (BBC: "Uganda: LRA" 25 Jun
2002).
Date: 27 June 2002
Location: Aswa County
Victims: 3 people abducted
LRA rebels broke into shops and looted food stores in Aswa
County. Three people, ages 15, 18, and 30, were abducted shortly
afterwards (The Monitor: "Rebels attack" 27 Jun 2002).
Date: 28 June 2002
Location: Angagura, Pader district,
northern Uganda
Victims: one civilian, one soldier
killed
LRA rebels ambushed a pick-up taxi and shot dead two of the
occupants. One of the victims was a Ugandan soldier. The remaining
occupants fled after the initial gunfire erupted. The rebels
set the vehicle on fire before retreating (The Monitor: "Two
killed" 28 Jun 2002).
Date: 30 June 2002
Location: Gulu district, northern
Uganda
Victims: 10 killed, 50 abducted
LRA rebels attacked Purongo camp, setting 50 huts on fire and
abducting 50 people. Nine civilians were killed, along with
one soldier who was visiting relatives in the camp at the time
of the attack (Agence France Presse: "Rebels kill"
30 Jun 2002).
Date: 2 July 2002
Location: Patongo, Pader district,
northern Uganda
Victims: 16 people killed
A firefight in the town of Patongo resulted in the deaths of
fourteen civilians and two soldiers. The Ugandan army engaged
the LRA rebels after the insurgents attacked the town. The rebels
numbered between 80-100 troops. Several people were abducted,
although the exact number has not been confirmed (Panafrican
News Agency: "Rebels kill" 2 Jul 2002).
Date: 3 July 2002
Location: Alero Refugee Camp,
northern Uganda
Victims: 11 civilians, one soldier
killed, 50 abducted
LRA rebels killed two people in an attack on Alero Refugee
Camp, which houses 15,000 people. Several people were abducted,
although the exact number is unknown, and the rebels set more
than 1,000 huts on fire. In a separate incident southwest of
Gulu, ten civilians were killed and 50 were abducted after LRA
rebels entered the town of Purongo (Agence France Presse: "Rebels
kill" 3 Jul 2002).
Date: 7 July 2002
Location: Northern Uganda
Victims: 4 civilians, 4 Ugandan
officers killed
A group of fifty LRA rebels ambushed a military vehicle and
killed four UPDF officers who were heading to Gulu to attend
a security meeting. In a later attack in Corner Alango, four
civilians were killed (Agence France Presse: "Rebels kill"
7 Jul 2002).
Date: 9 July 2002
Location: Northern Uganda
Victims: 5 civilians, one soldier
killed
LRA fighters reportedly killed five refugees and a UPDF soldier
in an attack on the Maaji Refugee Camp. A group of over 150
rebels participated in the attack, burning down 127 houses and
five classrooms. They also destroyed a grinding mill and looted
drugs from a nearby pharmacy (Agence France Presse: "Seven
killed" 9 Jul 2002).
Date: 10 July 2002
Location: Gulu district, northern
Uganda
Victims: 56 people abducted
LRA rebels abducted 56 people in their attacks on two refugee
camps in the Gulu district. A group of 150-200 rebels ransacked
food stores after sending the 20,000 residents of Wiya Nono
camp fleeing into the bushes (Panafrican News Agency: "Uganda
rebels" 10 Jul 2002).
Date: 12 July 2002
Location: Gulu district, northern
Uganda.
Victims: 20 youths abducted
Lord’s Resistance Army rebels abducted 20 youths from a village
in the Gulu district of northern Uganda. The rebels demanded
all villagers evacuate their residencies before burning down
forty houses and destroying other property (Panafrican News
Agency: "Ugandan rebels" 12 Jul 2002).
Date: 15 July 2002
Location: Northern Uganda
Victims: 6 missing
The LRA ambushed a lorry going to Pakwach in northern Uganda.
The lorry was disabled after the rebels fired a rocket-propelled
grenade at it, and the six passengers are unaccounted for. The
rebels fled when UPDF soldiers arrived at the scene shortly
after the incident (BBC: "Uganda: LRA" 16 Jul 2002).
Date: 17 July 2002
Location: Gulu, northern Uganda
Victims: 1 killed, 11 abducted
LRA forces killed a local leader in Gulu and abducted 11 other
people. The area was home to several senior-level government
officials (Agence France Presse: "Rebels raid" 17
Jul 2002).
Date: 18 July 2002
Location: Agago county, Pader
district, northern Uganda
Victims: 12 secondary school
students abducted
About 50 LRA rebels abducted 12 secondary school children in
northern Uganda on the evening of 18 July. The rebels used torches
to find students who had hidden in the bushes. After the attack
on the school, the rebels looted nearby shops (BBC: "Uganda:
Lord’s" 21 Jul 2002).
Date: 20 July 2002
Location: Northern Uganda
Victims: 8 people killed
LRA rebels attacked a refugee camp in northern Uganda, killing
eight people. The army responded and further civilian casualties
were avoided (Agence France Presse: "Eight killed"
20 Jul 2002).
Date: 22 July 2002
Location: Te-got Village, northern
Uganda
Victims: 2 soldiers killed,
7 people abducted
LRA rebels attacked the village of Te-got, abducting seven
people and killing two soldiers in a confrontation with the
army. Fourteen rebels were killed in the fighting. The LRA burned
more than 80 huts and several small shops in the village before
retreating (Associated Press Worldstream: "At least"
23 Jul 2002).
Date: 23 July 2002
Location: Namokora village,
Kitgum district, northern Uganda
Victims: Several people abducted
LRA rebels attacked the village of Namokora, abducting a group
of boys and Erisanweri Opira, who was the brother of the late
General Tito Okello. Opira was released after being held captive
overnight. In a separate raid, LRA forces attacked the town
of Gulu, looting shops and abducting ten children between the
ages of 10 and 15 (Agence France Presse: "Ugandan rebels"
25 Jul 2002).
Date: 25 July 2002
Location: Akol village, Kitgum
district, northern Uganda
Victims: 50 killed
LRA rebels attacked the village of Akol and massacred 50 civilians,
using spears and machetes (Agence France Presse: "Death
toll" 26 Jul 2002).
Applicable International Law
The following are major abuses committed by the LRA in northern
Uganda and southern Sudan in light of applicable international
treaties.
According to the 1998 Rome Statute of the International Criminal
Court, the LRA has committed the following crimes against humanity
in Uganda:
1) Murder
2) Enslavement
3) Torture
4) Rape/sexual slavery
As established and cited by Article 3 of the Geneva Convention
of 1949, the following violations have been committed:
1) Violence to Life and Person: Murder, Mutilation, Cruel Treatment,
Torture
2) Taking of Hostages
Furthermore, according to the Protocol Additional to the Geneva
Convention of August 12, 1949, and relating to the Protection
of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts (Protocol II)
June 8, 1977 articles, the following violations have been committed:
1) Violence to life and health (Article 4)
2) Taking of hostages (Article 4)
3) Acts of terrorism (Article 4)
4) Outrages upon personal dignity including rape (Article 4)
5) Slavery (Article 4)
6) Pillage (Article 4)
7) Threats (Article 4)
8) Children under the age of 15 being forced to take part in
hostilities (Article 4)
9) Failure to respect and protect the wounded and sick (Article
7)
10) Failure to respect and protect religious personnel (Article
9)
11) Targeting civilian populations for attack (Article 13)
12) Attacks, destruction, and removal of foodstuffs (Article
14)
13) Failure to respect places of worship (Article 16)
In regards to the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the
Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed
Conflict (which was ratified by Uganda on 6 May 2002) the LRA
has committed the following violations:
1) Persons under the age of 18 recruited or used in hostilities
by armed groups distinct from a state (Article 4)
Is this Genocide?
Does the killing fit the UN definition of
genocide?
In the present Convention, genocide means any of the following
acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part,
a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such:
(a) Killing members of the group;
(c) Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life
calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole
or in part.
The majority of LRA victims are members of the Acholi ethnic
group; however, Kony’s overall intent does not seem to be the
destruction of the Acholi. As evidenced by his forces’ hit-and-run
attacks, looting and kidnapping raids, and forced conversions,
megalomania rather than genocidal intent motivates LRA actions.
The Acholi, who comprise the majority of the LRA soldiers as
well as the majority of the LRA’s victims, are being persecuted
not for their ethnicity but for their geographic location. The
LRA is attempting to increase its power, influence, size, and
wealth by attacking the areas in Uganda closest to its base
in Sudan; those convenient areas just happen to be the villages
and towns where the Acholi people are concentrated. Because
there is no intent to destroy the Acholi due to their ethnicity,
the killing does not currently fit the UN definition of genocide.
Is the killing intentional?
The killing is intentional, although there is no intent to commit
genocide. Whether out of frustration at an inability to convert
civilians to the LRA agenda or a desire to create an atmosphere
of chaos, killing civilians has been one of the primary characteristics
of LRA attacks in northern Uganda. Most killings occur as a
by-product of raids where looting or abducting children are
the primary goals. Attacks like the 25 July 2002 massacre in
Akol seem to be perpetrated for a more explicit goal of killing
civilians; however, even these killings do not indicate an intent
to destroy a particular group.
Is the killing habitual?
Yes: the LRA has been killing civilians for over 10 years. Their
latest offensive alone has resulted in the death of over 120
people in the past two months.
Is genocide the primary characteristic
of the abuse?
Kidnapping, slavery, rape, torture, and destruction of property
are the primary characteristics. While the killing is also intentional
and habitual, the LRA uses killing mostly as a means of destabilizing
the region. The recent massacre in Akol presents the possibility
of a shift toward genocide, however unlikely. A UPDF spokesperson
characterized the deliberate murders of 50 civilians as "punishment
killings," indicating that Joseph Kony was becoming "frustrated
and desperate" with his inability to gain support in northern
Uganda (IRIN: "Uganda: Northern" 26 Jul 2002). If
Kony’s increasing desperation leads him to order more deliberate
massacres of those who question or doubt his beliefs, instead
of raids with the primary intent of abduction or looting, then
ideologically-motivated politicide, if not genocide, could possibly
become a characteristic of the LRA human rights’ abuse. However,
there have been no other indications of a long-term shift in
LRA intent since the attack on Akol, and the LRA has gone so
far as to release captives as a precursor to peace negotiations.
Therefore genocide is not currently and is not likely to become
the primary characteristic of the abuse.
Conclusion
While the Lord’s Resistance Army is currently committing massive
human rights abuses, at this time those abuses cannot be classified
as genocide. For over ten years the LRA has been systematically
attacking villages, kidnapping and enslaving children, raping
girls and women, and looting and destroying property. They have
also intentionally and habitually killed civilians, most of
whom are ethnic Acholi. The Acholi are targets due to their
geographic proximity to the LRA, not due to their ethnicity,
and thus the genocide definition fails at this time. Only after
a significant shift in LRA intent and targets would genocide
become a possibility.
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